Various theoretical movements

Like other social scientists, systematically looking for general patterns in human behavior is the main work that anthropologists take on. They also develop theories and use scientific methods to test their research as they struggle to determine their differences and similarities in urban, industrial and cross-cultural societies.Its important feature is always its emphasis on the insider’s view of a society. It aims to provide an understanding of the various cultures as it determines how people of a culture view the world. Thus, discoveries and studies in anthropology ultimately contribute to international harmony and with respect to the beliefs and values each one possess.Theories in AnthropologyVarious theoretical movements have been identified and studied and most of the principles frequently overlap or contradict each other altogether.   Some concentrate on past civilizations while some study on present ones (McGee, 2004).In the book of Thomas Kuhn, several theories were â€Å"stimulated† and were based on a positivist epistemology. Historical Particularism, Culture and Personality, Structuralism and Functionalism as well as many others comprise the broad spectrum of Anthropology.But there are theories as well that alter the premise that dichotomizes the relationship between reality and theory and these are the theories that are influenced by post-modern perspectives such as the theory of Interpretivists and Constructivists. To further breakdown and understand how each school of thought works, defining the main themes and how they differentiate from one another will categorize each movement and its impact, if any, to present studies.Evolutionism in the Nineteenth Century claims that societal groups developed according to one universal order of cultural evolution (McGee, 2004).   Stated simply, the proponents of this theory identified â€Å"universal evolutional stages† and have classified different societies as savage, barbarian civ ilization.They came to this conclusion by studying the data they have collected from traders and missionaries in the study of the various cultures they were interested in.Although most theorists rarely went to the societies they were analyzing, they organized the data they have collected, albeit second-hand data, and applied a general theory to all societies. Thus was born the train of thought placing Western Societies with rather advanced technologies and placing these societies at the highest rank of civilization (Erickson, 2008).The main theme that categorizes this movement is the assumption that human minds share similar characteristics all over the world (Moore, 2004). Does this mean that all people and their societies will go through the same processes of development? It seems so for another underlying assumption is all that belong to Western Societies are superior to other societies in the world.This assumption may be based on the fact these same societies possess the militar y and economic power against technologically simple societies (McGee, 2004). But can this then apply to other aspects of societies, such as kin systems, religion and childrearing customs? There is a logical progression that cannot be denied and this can be observed in the use of simple tools to using complex technology in most Western Societies.However, this train of thought offers a rather simplistic explanation on the development of Western Societies. Generally, it became too racist and during that time, Henry Morgan believed that evolution only moved from early societies to the Western societies.He also argued that intelligence is not a valid point to be raised for all people in various societies have different levels of intelligence and supported as well by Burnett Tylor.This theory was strongly attacked by supporters of the Historical Particularism for they see this theory as too speculative and ethnocentric and at the same time, approaches as too materialistic and the views on the various cultures are influenced by the Marxist Anthropology (McGee, 2004).Historical Particularism’s main point is to focus its research on a specific society, its whole and its own history richly detailing the cultural traits and characteristics into its descriptive technology (Erickson, 2008). Franz Boas primarily led other theorists to support ethnography method instead of the comparative method, stressing the importance of a solid and intensive ground work research.He was considered the Father of American Anthropology because he openly challenged the proponents of the previous theory who he believed are overtly racist in nature and is responsible for influencing a large number of ethnographers who include Kroeber, Lowie, Spier, Wissler, Mead, Radin, Bunzel, Sapir, Benedict, Herskovits, Hoebel and many others like him ( Moore, 2004).The problem however with this theory is that it has very little stimulation resulting in a static view of cultures and did not develop a sense of cultural dynamics and continuities. It however laid the ground work for systematic field work and research.Structuralism is best exemplified by a leading intellectual of the age, published extensively his writings and revolved his theory around the basic question, â€Å"what are the human patterns of thought that bring order to the world?† bringing to the forefront the other question, â€Å"how does man deal with chaos?†Levi-Strauss’ stressed the main points of this theory that the mind takes varied and potentially chaotic experiences to attempt to logically structure this experiences in binary configurations, and incorporating these with dominant images and symbols we come across in the world (McGee, 2004). Levi-Strauss believed that these configurations is an unconscious process devoid of being developed and articulated but instead deeply rooted from the structures of the mind.He argued that since all people of all cultures utilize binary principles t o organize and structure the experiences they encounter daily, the manner of comprehending the meaning to any quality must logically have an antithesis or opposite. This explains the rise of various symbols in human societies that run through symbolic polarities like right-left, moon-sun, female-male, life-death, and good-evil.The major contribution of this theory is the logical study of myth and thinking where knowledge communicate a significant message about how things are organized and specifically mediate or lessens experiential contradictions (order to chaos) and introducing an anomalous element – virgin mothers, garden of eden ( Evolutionism, 2008).This theory used a non empirical approach in its methods where most positivists ague and they believed that the structures of thinking should be based on binary principles. They also believed that all forms of thinking are logical and not less significant and the tools are just the things that differ at the way one processes the information around him.

Journalists Code of Ethics

Journalists' Code of Ethics 1. I shall scrupulously report and interpret the news, taking care not to suppress essential facts nor to distort the truth by omission or improper emphasis. I recognize the duty to air the other side and the duty to correct substantive errors promptly. 1. I shall not violate confidential information on material given me in the exercise of my calling. 1. I shall resort only to fair and honest methods in my effort to obtain news, photographs and/or documents, and shall properly identify myself as a representative of the press when obtaining any personal interview intended for publication. . I shall refrain from writing reports which will adversely affect a private reputation unless the public interests justifies it. At the same time, I shall write vigorously for public access to information, as provided for in the constitution. 3. I shall not let personal motives or interests influence me in the performance of my duties; nor shall I accept or offer any pres ent, gift or other consideration of a nature which may cast doubt on my professional integrity. 4. I shall not commit any act of plagiarism. . I shall not in any manner ridicule, cast aspersions on or degrade any person by reason of sex, creed, religious belief, political conviction, cultural and ethnic origin. 6. I shall presume persons accused of crime of being innocent until proven otherwise. I shall exercise caution in publishing names of minors, and women involved in criminal cases so that they may not unjustly lose their standing in society. 7. I shall not take unfair advantage of a fellow journalist. 8. I shall accept only such tasks as are compatible with the integrity and dignity of my profession, invoking the â€Å"conscience clause† when duties imposed on me conflict with the voice of my conscience. 9. I shall comport myself in public or while performing my duties as journalist in such manner as to maintain the dignity of my profession. When in doubt, decency should be my watchword. Approved by the Philippines Press Institute and the National Press Club in 1988. code of ethics Code of Professional and Ethical Conduct I. Covering elections A. Pay your way. 1. The newspaper must cover the cost of coverage during the election campaign and count, including dining out sources for stories, the airfare, hotel accommodation, per diem and operations expenses of staff members assigned to political parties and candidates. This prohibition excludes transport services and common rooming accommodations arranged by the political parties for all members of the media. 2. Staff members shall clear with their supervising editors invitations from the candidates or political parties to join out-of-town or overseas coverage events, so the newspaper may appropriate the necessary budget, if these are newsworthy events. B. Do not accept cash or gifts in kind from politicians and political parties. 1. All editors, reporters, photographers, columnists, artists and other staff members must resist all attempts of candidates or political parties to bribe the newspaper in cash or in kind. Newspapers are encouraged to expose such attempts, whether consummated or aborted, to identify the culpable parties and to promptly return the bribe or donate it to charity with the appropriate documentation. C. Do not moonlight with political parties. 1. No staff member shall be allowed to work on a part-time, full-time or contractual basis with any political party or candidate. . Staff members shall be discouraged from inviting candidates to stand as godparents in baptisms, weddings and other church rites, or as padrinos in the employment of relatives or friends. D. Beware of surveys. Statistical data derived from polling and surveying is especially susceptible to misunderstanding, misinterpretation and misuse. Newspap ers should clearly distinguish between scientific polls and non-scientific surveys such as readers' call-ins or write-ins and person-in-the-street interviews that are reported in statistical terms. This must be done in a way that is likely to be understood by the average reader, including the headlines and graphics. * In using scientific polls, the sample size and the margin of error should be disclosed. * In using non-scientific surveys, the manner in which they were taken and their limitations should be clearly explained in print. Merely labeling a survey as â€Å"non-scientific† is not sufficient. * Surveys that do not meet minimal scientific standards of validity and reliability should not be identified as polls, nor should they be portrayed in language suitable to scientific polls. Great caution should be used in employing non-scientific polls to address substantial questions of public policy or to describe the popularity or approval rating of public officials or public actions. II. Conflicts of interest Individual journalists (publishers, editors, desk persons, reporters, photographers, artists, columnists) must weigh their obligations against the impact of: * Invo lvement in particular activities * Affiliation with causes or organizations * Acceptance of favors or preferential treatment * Financial investments * Outside employment Friendships In the end, individual journalists might do well to ask themselves: * Am I being independent? * Could my action harm my integrity or my organization's integrity? * Is the mere appearance of conflict enough to diminish my credibility? Am I willing to publicly disclose any potential conflicts? A. Be careful with secondary jobs you take. 1. â€Å"Outside work,† secondary jobs or moonlighting presents per se a potential conflict of interest, especially with individuals, firms or entities: * that are the subject of news, past or future; that are competitors of the primary source of income of the journalist (another broadsheet or magazine circulating in the same market); * that requires the journalist to render more than just editorial services (writing, editing, art design), additional services that wo uld compromise the integrity of his/her profession and news agency (pushing press releases, organizing press conferences, acting as press agent, etc. ) 1. Individual journalists who do outside work or acquire secondary jobs must properly inform their immediate superiors. A secondary job is one which gives the journalist income less than what he/she gets from his/her newspaper. ) 2. Professional work as stringers or free-lance writers for newspapers, magazines, book publishers, news services, photo agencies and similar organizations headquartered outside their circulation area is usually acceptable. So is part-time teaching in local colleges and other professional or para-newspaper duties. All arrangements of this kind are discussed in advance with management. 3. Journalists must avoid paid or unpaid work for a politician or political organization, and should not hold public office or accept appointment to any political position for which there is remuneration other than expenses. B. Don't use your paper/job to make money. Draw the line between journalism and your own money ventures. 1. Financial investment by staff members or other outside business interests that could conflict with the newspaper's ability to report the news or that would create the impression of such a conflict should be avoided. . A staff member may not enter into a business relationship with a news source. A staff member may not make investments which could come into conflict with the staff member's duties. A staff member with investments or stockholdings in corporations should avoid making news decisions that involve those corporations. 3. Similarly, staff members' employment by news sources or potential news sources should be avoided, and staffers should refrain from le nding their names to commercial enterprises with no promotional value to their papers. Business interests that could conflict with a staff member's ability to report the news, or that would create the impression of such a conflict, must be avoided. C. You are entitled to advocate causes and join organizations but don't impose this on your readers. Disclose your advocacies and organizational involvements. 1. Staff members should avoid any involvement in any activity which could compromise, or appear to compromise, the staff member's role or the newspaper's capacity, ability or disposition to gather, report, write or edit, faithfully, factually, impartially or fairly. Such activity must be cleared in advance with the editor(s) whenever any possibility of interference or conflict exists. 2. Journalists exercise discretion in all relationships with causes and organizations. Staff members are encouraged to join and to perform voluntary services for local religious, cultural, social and civic organizations. Newspapers have the same community responsibility as other businesses in donating editors' and employees' time to civic undertakings. Staff members should let supervisors know what groups they're involved with. 3. Journalists should avoid political involvement beyond voting. In no circumstances may a staff member seek political office or work, for pay as a volunteer, in a political campaign or organization. D. Don't misuse and abuse your privileges as a journalist. 1. Journalists must take care not to use newspaper property, i. e. its name, its stationery, or press card, for personal gain or advantage. However, we recognize that our involvement as citizens may sometimes compromise or inhibit our professional responsibilities, and we judge each situation with that in mind. We are particularly conscious of the necessity to avoid personal involvement in either side of an issue about which we would be writing or editing stories for the newspaper. 1. Unpublished information gathered by the newspaper may not be used by staff members for investment decisions. Staff members should try to ensure the confidentiality of information gathered by the newspaper by making every effort to keep such information from reaching anyone who might attempt to use it for personal gain before it is published. Staff members should be careful in dealings with news sources-particularly those in the investment community-not to disclose before publication the nature of the story that has the potential to affect the price of any stock. And because the timing of an investment is often crucial, no one outside the newspaper should know in advance the publication date of a story. When there is doubt about the appropriateness of a business investment, or about any possible conflict of interest, the staff member should discuss the situation with the supervising editor. . No staff member should write about, report on, photograph or make a news judgment about any individual related to him or her by blood or marriage or with whom the staff member has a close personal relationship. Writing or editing a story about a friend's business, for example, presents a conflict and should be avoided. A staff member who finds himself or herself in a situation where a conflict of interest (or the perception of such) becomes likely should consult with the supervising editor about the circumstances. 1. Employees shall not use their positions with the newspaper to get any benefit or advantage in commercial transactions or personal business for themselves, their families or acquaintances. For example, they shall not use company connections: * To get information or a photograph for purposes other than those of the newspaper. * To expedite personal business with, or seek special consideration from, public officials or agencies, such as the police. * To seek for personal use information not available to the general public. To get free or at a reduced rate not available to the public, things like tickets, memberships, hotel rooms or transportation. 1. Employees shall not use the company name, reputation, phone number or stationery to imply a threat or retaliation or pressure, to curry favor, or to seek personal gain. III. Writing the story 1. All efforts must be exerted to make stories fair, accurate and balanced. Getting the other side is a must, especially for the most sensitive and cr itical stories. The other side must run on the first take of the story and not any day later. . Single-source stories must be avoided as a rule. There is always the imperative to get a second, third or more sources, the contending parties to an issue, the expert source, the affected party, the prominent and the obscure, in the story. We must strive at all times to ascertain the truth of our sources' assertions. 3. Documents are required, particularly for stories alleging corruption or wrongdoing by public officials or agencies, or private individuals and corporations and groups. 4. As a rule, anonymous sources shall be discouraged, especially if they are coming from the public sector or publicly accountable agencies. But when we have to shield the identity of our source. -because revealing it would put his/her job or life in danger-we must: First ascertain the truth of his/her assertions; Determine if he/she is not a polluted source or an interested or beneficial party; Describe him/her in a manner that would establish his/her expertise or right to speak on the subject. 5. We shall avoid at all times language, photographs, visuals and graphics that are racist, sexist, insensitive and disrespectful of men, women and children; the religious denominations, cultural communities, and gender and political preferences. 6. The identities and photographs of children and women who figure in the news as victims of sexual abuse (i. e. rape, incest, sexual harassment, prostitution, battering, etc. ) must not be printed, and details about their personal circumstances and identities must be withheld. In the case of incest victims, the identities of the accused and immediate family members must also be protected. Disclosure of the identities of victims of sexual abuse-but not their photographs-may be allowed only in cases when the adult victim (above 18 years old) has decided to file a case in court. 1. Suspects in criminal cases must be properly described as suspects, Photographs of a police lineup of suspects must be avoided, except in cases of large public interest, and when prima facie evidence has been established against suspects who are publicly accountable officials. . Documents that had been leaked by sources, especially those from the government, must be properly described as leaked documents, when used in a story. As much as possible, the source must identified. 3. We shall accord equal prominence to rejoinders, rebuttals and clarification from persons or agencies criticized in our stories. These should run without any delays, or as promptly as possible, and should be e dited only for grammar. 4. When we commit errors of fact or impression, we must acknowledge this on print, and promptly issue a clarification. . Misleading practices such as misrepresentation, trickery, impersonation, and the use of hidden tape recorders in newsgathering can seriously undermine a newspaper's credibility and trustworthiness and should be avoided. An editor confronted with a decision to employ such methods should meet the following conditions: * Public importance. The expected news story should be of such public interest that its news value clearly outweighs the damage to trust and credibility that might result from the use of deception. * Alternatives. The story cannot reasonably be recast to avoid the need to misrepresent. * Last resort. All other means of getting the story must have been exhausted. * Disclosure. The deceptive practices and the reasons why they were used should be disclosed on print at the time the story is published. Advisory: No code of ethics can prejudge every situation. Common sense and good judgment are required in applying ethical principles to newspaper realities. Individual newspapers are encouraged to augment these guidelines with locally produced codes that apply more specifically to their own situations.

Boys Girls Clubs Of America

Boys Girls Clubs Of America Socialization is generally thought of as being an essential part of human development in that its importance is often times disregarded. However, understanding socialization can be a complicated and enduring process. â€Å"Sociologists use the term socialization to refer to the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture† (Macionis, 2011, 68). Humans need social experience to acquire the skills needed to learn their culture and for survival. â€Å"Social experience is also the basis of personality, a person’s fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking and feeling. We build a personality by internalizing – taking in – our surroundings† (Macionis, 2011, 68). When an individual is lacking social experience, personality seldom develops. People usually rely on others for assistance when their children are growing physically and emotionally but most importantly as their personality is developing. Many th eorists have focused on childhood as being the most critical time when personality is formed; however, Erik H. Erikson’s eight stages of development have set apart that focus and places emphasis on socialization throughout the life course as being the most influential (Macionis, 2011). Erikson centralized that challenges are faced throughout the life course fluctuating from infancy, toddlerhood, preschool, preadolescence, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood to old age even though not everyone faces these challenges in the exact order (Macionis, 2011). In summary, Erikson’s stages of development model calls attention to how several factors, including the family, school and peer groups, shape our personalities. Since socialization is a learning process that begins after birth and is learned throughout an individual’s life span, a common question is how can people be socialized? Looking around the world, we see that different cultures used different tech niques to socialize their children both formal and informally through school and peer groups. As we age, we enter new statuses and need to learn the appropriate roles for them. Across America, there are many national organizations that have been organized to provide programs for young people that help with maintaining socialization skills that have been embedded amongst our youth. â€Å"The Boys & Girls Clubs of America is a national organization of local chapters which provide after-school programs for young people† (http://www.bgca.org). The first Boys’ Club was founded in Hartford, Connecticut in 1860 after a group of women noticed how young boys from needy families would hang out on the streets after school because they didn’t have anywhere else to go. The club was created to provide them with a safe place to play. By 1906, there were fifty-three independent Boys’ Clubs that came together in Boston for form a national organization known as the Federat ed Boys’ Clubs. After many years, the organization renamed itself Boys’ Clubs of America and in 1990 renamed itself to Boys & Girls Clubs of America. There are currently over 4,000 autonomous local Clubs, which are affiliates of the national organization and serve over four million boys and girls. Clubs can be found in all fifty states, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and on US Military Bases. In 2010, member percentages included: 65% are from minority families, 5% are 5 years old and under, 43% are 6-10 years old, 19% are 11-12 years old, 21% are 13-15 years old, 12% are 16-18 years old, 55% are male and 45% are female (http://www.bgca.org).

Judge Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Judge - Coursework Example Wright, a member of the same gender as theirs – who they could perceive was a victim of circumstances from the male gender, in general. As noted in the play, â€Å"I might have known she needed help! I know how things can be—for women† (Glaspell, 1916, p. 1). Further, the women could have justified the action of Mrs. Wright that murdering her husband must have been a product of years of solitary confinement and loneliness and where her life could end up just like the canary that was unmercifully killed by her husband. Mrs. Hale was revealed to have said: â€Å"If thered been years and years of nothing, then a bird to sing to you, it would be awful—still, after the bird was still† (Glaspell, 1916, p. 1). To them, Mr. Wright got what he deserved for killing what Mrs. Wright was before they were married: her jovial nature and her love for singing. Mrs. Hale affirmed this when she said: â€Å"Wright wouldnt like the bird—a thing that sang. She used to sing. He killed that, too† (Glaspell, 1916, p. 1). Collecting the selected things for Mrs. Wright evidently proves that they sympathize and empathize with her condition. One should definitely report them for withholding evidence because even if Mrs. Wright was a victim, herself, in this situation, the killing of her husband is not justified for the solitary confinement and loneliness felt from their marital union. They should have reported all the evidences to the investigation team and leave the matter to judicial process to determine the legal consequences of Mrs. Wright’s

Analyzing Customer Relationship Management case Essay

Analyzing Customer Relationship Management case - Essay Example Customer relationship management is something that cannot be done haphazardly. Indeed, to achieve a workable customer relationship management, one needs to put in place a lot of factors that would come together to form what would be known as a strategic plan. Perhaps the presence of a strategic plan for customer relationship management is one major different between a customer relationship management that works and one that does not work. By a customer relationship management that works, reference is being made to a customer relationship management that goes a long way to ensure that customers are pleased and that they make decisions out of what they have seen to continue doing business with a particular company or organization. In today’s contemporary business world, a lot of business managers have only being concerned with putting to practice any customer management theory they hear without taking time to research into what each customer management theory should be made up o f. For a management that is geared towards enhancing customer relationship management for instance, such as a management would recruit all necessary components that make a strategic plan for customer relationship management workable and result oriented. Such as a strategic plan would inculcate the principles of social media team, which has been identified as one of the world’s most modern means of succeeding in customer relationship management. In the plan therefore, there are four levels of social generations for the company. These four levels may well represent five years whereby one of the levels is implemented in each of the years. The four levels of social generations are discussed below. Level 1 – Generation of Social Relationship – Year 1 Though customers are the major money makers for every business, it is important that business owners and customer relationship managers see customers as an integral and socially bonding part of their companies. Most ofte n than not, customers are seen as a reserved part of the business. For this reason, the customer is seen to be useful only when the company is sure to make some earnings from them. It has however been proven that this is an unworkable principle for maximizing the impact customers can make in a business financially. Though customers do not have defined portfolios in the running of business expect when they are shareholders,

Discuss an Ethical Issue in Nursing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discuss an Ethical Issue in Nursing - Term Paper Example cupational therapy services based on medical necessity, yet the payer-source (Medicare) coverage criteria for services to be delivered at home was questionable. That is, should one continue to treat the client and uphold the principle of beneficence yet run afoul of the laws or should one discontinue treating the patient to uphold the law but possibly cause harm to the client?† Nurses are hired to assist physicians. In the scenario described, the nurses can also be tapped to assist and/or complement the occupational and physical therapists. This will likely apply most to new nurses coming from developing country who can be hired at less expensive rates compared to US nurses as well as other nurses who have stayed long in the US. Thus, a nurse can be a potential party or direct participant to the situation described by Wells. In view of rising medical costs, tapping nurses from developing countries to either assist or substitute for occupational or physical therapists can emerge as a trend in the United States. Thus, an ethical dilemma for a nurse is whether he or she will allow himself or herself to be a party to the dilemma described by Wells (2007). In the case described by Wells, the patient encountered difficulties in keeping up with appointments with the health providers. Medicare rules for client to receive home health require that the patients meet certain criteria (Wells, 2007, p. 31). Directly quoting Medicare sources, Wells said that a homebound patient situation exists when â€Å"there exists a normal inability to leave home, and, consequently, leaving home would require considerable and taxing effort† (2007, p. 31). Wells also said that although his case was definitely homebound, ethical principles were at risk because his moral duty to provide treatment was in conflict with institutional interpretations of the Medicare regulations or guidelines of what constitutes a homebound patient (2007, p. 31). In other words, the case described by Wells

Discussion board 3 - Research Design Class Essay

Discussion board 3 - Research Design Class - Essay Example According to Chathoth and Olsen (2003), creation of value from coalition has led to customer loyalty because loyal customers base their decisions on value-creation that results from strategic alliance. Coalition allows customers to operate in a business circle made up of their preferred service providers. Customers who were initially loyal are further motivated because they are able to earn points and benefits from the business coalition. This is because some loyalty programs give visa cards in which customers are able to get rewards for their purchases within the alliance. Loyal customers make more purchases as compared to those who are non-loyal and have low tendencies of shifting to a competitor brand. Therefore, it is advisable for business owners in the hotel industry to apply strategic alliance as a way of maintaining their customer loyalty. Creation of value is the main driving factor behind the success of businesses coalitions thus hotel owners should get to know business par tners who are able to appeal and satisfy their customers. When seeking to determine how strategic alliances impact customer loyalty, a specific hotel can be used for case study. Based on the results of a case study, it may always be assumed that under almost similar conditions, the results would apply to other hotels.

TQM Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

TQM Philosophy - Essay Example This research tells that TQM's position as an industry innovator was well established by the time of the accelerator pedal disaster. Not only had they established themselves as being nearly synonymous with TQM, but they also had become well-associated with Kaizen and quality circles. Toyota's cars were well-respected in the market for their safety, longevity and gas efficiency. But the accelerator pedal problem showed chinks in their armor. What is certain, even if the TQM idea they deployed was philosophically sound, is that Toyota became complacent due to their success. Like IBM, Microsoft, AT&T, and too many other companies to list, their size and strategic position had led them to believe they could cut corners and do no wrong. Toyota now has been reminded of their fallibility and will have to spend years regaining the trust of their consumers. As the burger chain, Wendy's can testify, even erroneous claims of TQM failures at one store can cause a PR nightmare for years even afte r the claim has been proven to be fraudulent. Toyota will have to examine where TQM failures were made, and hold some people accountable. Worse, this is not a faulty construction element, so their front-line workers can't be held responsible. Instead, it is faulty design, which implicates engineers and management, people higher up the food chain who it is more difficult to demote or fire. The implication for TQM is obvious: Big companies will need to overcompensate in their TQM protocols. With their amassed capital, big companies should be able to comply more, not less, with TQM needs and restrictions. But they will need to recognize that market pressures and internal cultures endemic to large, successful organizations cause what might appear to be viable TQM initiatives to fail. They will need to make their TQM programmes even more robust, knowing that the uncorrected tendency of the company will be to veer into complacency and therefore into unsafe products. But another issue that TQM advocates face in the wake of the Toyota debacle is that elements like TQM can transition from innovative, effective new techniques into established rigidities. New ideas can still be adapted to new market situations, but once an idea like TQM has become old enough, it becomes very hard to apply it in new ways internal to a company due to factors of complacency, institutional size and the commensurate reduction in flexibility, and established institutional cultures that start to make the idea into a routine that becomes increasingly hard to break. TQM advocates will need to commit to bringing in fresh new minds and new ideas and actually adopting them on a yearly basis in order to remain viable. But the Toyota TQM issue was even worse than it appeared: It actually indicated weakness with the whole idea of TQM. An engineer reported, Although one of the main tasks of engineers at the company was to come up with ways to improve existing product designs, I learned early on that kai zen had a fairly narrow application. It was mainly used to tweak designs to improve product performance. These techniques ensured increased market share for the company because buyers could immediately see the results of the improvements in new models. But some of the most complex engineering design processes—and the ones that tend to fail—are under the hood and out of sight of most owners†¦

What does Martin Luther King Jr day have to do with me Essay

What does Martin Luther King Jr day have to do with me - Essay Example He asserts the people’s free will in becoming active elements of social changes: â€Å"Every man must decide whether he will walk in the light of creative altruism or in the darkness of destructive selfishness.† I want to be part of the light walkers, contributing to actions that make this world a better place. King, furthermore, leads people to alternative actions. He says: â€Å"Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that.† I admire his non-violent means of attaining social changes. I believe that we should also be creative in thinking about and resolving our social issues. King is a rousing transformational leader. He serves as an inspiration to me because he does not allow himself and his people to remain oppressed. He is also a creative thinker. He compels me to think of different ways that can solve problems. What does King mean to me? He is a role model and a hero, a hero who remains alive in the hearts of those who fight for the preservation of justice and

The Future of Computer Applications in Biomedicine Annotated Bibliography

The Future of Computer Applications in Biomedicine - Annotated Bibliography Example The authors with reference to the New England Journal of Medicine predict that computer technologies may be used in future to examine the causes for the development of Parkinson’s and epilepsy and in prescribing possible medicine for treating such diseases. Tissue engineering is also another possible development that computer technology is likely to facilitate in the field of biomedical engineering. This article provides an explicit research on this topic given its resourcefulness on the information under investigation. Increasing technological development and integration has led to massive transformation of various sectors of economies that have great impacts on human life. Biomedicine is one sector of great significance that has undergone broad transformation fanned by the speedy advancement of computer based technology. Away from the traditional communication technologies, introduction of computers in biomedicine have led to the transformation of health care procedures and practices. Computers have been of great use in biomedicine especially for the purposes of storing patients’ records, diagnosis and in performing other health related activities (Hung and Joseph 120). Laboratory is one component of heath care facilities that makes great use of computers in testing diseases and complaints as well offering therapies to patients of various diseases. Looking from the past and current transformation in the field of biomedicine, it is focused that this field has a very bright future with compu ter technology that will work to improve and ease health care procedures. According to Hung and Joseph, the recent increase in use of internet is viewed to have significant impact in the future of biomedicine (120). The internet has been very instrumental in enabling the process of data sharing that involve images and other health related information used by health care professionals. Analyzing from the current capability of internet to interlink

Assessment of the Future Financial Health of the Company Essay Example for Free

Assessment of the Future Financial Health of the Company Essay

Project Controls Essay Example for Free

Project Controls Essay I have developed a proposal that would create a secure system within our organization. Below is the outline that should help prevent disaster recovery or in the case, backup our disaster recovery procedures. Duration Critical Task Sequencing The project will detail an array of critical task sequences including: * Pre-project Envisioning – Evaluation of HR database and corporate objectives, formulation of cost/benefit analysis, establishment of project scope and major milestones, securing of executive sponsorship and buy-in * Planning Structure – Project assembly, computing and testing environments, preliminary design, system array, and maintenance orientation * System deployment – Deployment of hardware and software systems, pilot test evaluations * Post-Implementation Review – Backup/restore maintenance, performance monitoring, system re-forecasting, establishment of ongoing infrastructure team Variance Baseline Achieving the desired outcome for the HR Resource Deployment will require a stringent and concentrated focus on maintaining adherence to the project timeline. Throughout this timeline, variance data will be closely observed and documented. Capturing variance data is an adamant goal for the project managers. Variance data will help to expose possible weaknesses of the planning process, and serve as priceless information for future endeavors. The means of collecting variance data will be comprised of the following: Delegation of variance targets. Prior to the project start, prime areas of variance will be decided upon for tracking. These areas will be closely monitored and documented. Targeted variances will form the baseline of the project, and will consist of measurements of quality, project milestones achieved, performance metrics,  and budget adherence. The success versus failure Planned versus actual. Variance data will be looked at according to what is planned as opposed to what the actual outcome will be. This will largely be focused on the proposed scheduling timeline and project cost expectancies. As the project advances, variance data will be tracked according to what deviates from the planned objectives. This data will be captured in real time in order to provide insight for future milestone proceedings. Estimates versus planned. This variance metric will focus on what was estimated for project details, such as schedule and cost, prior to the approved project plan. Such data will assist in greater accuracy of project planning, and will help to eliminate the guessing game. These variance metrics will be acquired through the collaboration between all stakeholders and resources. Maintaining high quality controls is a process that includes a lot of planning but when well maintains it builds the trust in the customers and eventually helps both organization businesses. As an organization maintains a high quality control one must know that there is also other aspects which is where being innovative and keeping a reasonable price adds to the equation. As many new customers are acquired a lot of the times this might be a direct result of on customer recommending another new customer. When this statement is true the new customer expects the same treatment and if not better. Therefore, one must stay innovative and open to new ideas and changes in order to fulfill the new customers’ needs. On-Going Evaluation and Status of Project There will be a definitive checklist for who will be responsible for the development and submission of projects reports. Evaluations will be performed on an as-we-go basis as to attempt to not miss anything important along the way. If there is anything that will be confidential or require a security clearance, these things will be handled by either the Project Manager or a member of management. Any projects that require the participation of stakeholders will be documented for future use and testing. All ongoing reports will also be given to all principal stakeholders along  the way. As each goal or milestone is met, it will be tested and retested for consistency to make sure what was done will stand the test of time (until the next project or upgrade). Method Used The Method that is used for determining whether the project has met its objectives is a survey. The survey can be done to figure if everything has been a success. Riordan employees will fill a survey out to give feedback on, if they are satisfied with the projects performance or not. Surveys can only provide estimates for the population, but cannot be a true measurements. You can measure surveys by the consistency of responses to questions about the project over a long amount of time period. REFERENCE Microsoft Office. Retrieved from http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/project-help/leading-practices-for-applying-variance-data-to-future-projects-HA010174487.aspx

MOS Burger Franchise Expansion Strategy

MOS Burger Franchise Expansion Strategy 1.0 INTRODUCTION MOS Burger is a famous fast-food service in Japan that founded in 1971 by Mr. Satoshi Sakurada. The name of MOS comes from the words Mountain, Ocean, and Sun and each of this word have its own meaning. Mountain stands for dignified and noble, Ocean stands for wide and vast while Sun represents vibrant and life-giving (MOS Food Singapore, 2012). It is now the second largest fast-food service in Japan after McDonald and MOS outlets had successfully expanded into overseas markets such as Taiwan, Singapore, China, and so on. The company differentiate itself from competitors by apply cook to order concept (MOS Burger Website, 2012). The foods will be cooked only after the customers order to ensure the freshness of the foods. MOSs burgers used rice bun and many other Japanese sauces like teriyaki sauce that cover up on the burgers to shows its uniqueness which emphasized on providing a healthy, delicious and clean food. Moreover, the company also served variety of unique and original MOS Burger as well as using transnational strategies when going global because they keep standardized the recipe and the business system while localized some of the product to fit with local taste and preference. The corporate motto To make people happy through food was an important driver for the company to produce fresh, delicious, and quality burgers to their customers (MOS Burger Website, 2012). The passionate commitment of the company make it successful possible and to ensure a continuous survival in this competitive market. MOS Burger has successfully expanded its business globally and currently there are 28 outlets in Singapore, 223outlets in Taiwan, 16 in Hong Kong, 7 in Thailand, 2 in Indonesia, 18 in China, 2 in Korea and 5 in Australia (MOS Burger Website, 2012). The 1412 outlets in Japan have almost reached the limit for the company to expand, therefore the company hope to accelerate its expansion with a vision from MOS of Japan to MOS of Asia and finally MOS of the World. The company planned to expand their business and choose to enter those markets that they have not enter yet such as Malaysia, Canada, Western countries and so on in the future (MOS Food Singapore, 2012). The entry mode used by MOS Burger to enter the oversea market normally lies on joint venture and franchise system. The company form joint venture with the local company as expansion strategy into overseas market (MOS Burger Website, 2012). MOS Burger headquarter will assigned a personnel to discuss about the development and joint effort with the local company to ensure that they can enter into the new market successfully which is totally differences in terms of the ways of doing business, culture issues and other issues. MOS Burger also use franchise as one of the entry mode strategies but it is not easy to obtain a franchise license from MOS Burger because it needs to fulfill the requirements set by the company. The potential franchisee need to know well about the companys philosophy that created by Mr. Sakurada because he wish to partner with those who cares on nature; and also a group of people who can contribute to the creation of happiness both for people and society (MOS Burger Website, 2012). However, the company will only seek for the countries or regional franchisees. As conclusion, the company is preferred to use a master franchise system to enter the new markets instead of a normal franchise system. 2.0 CURRENT EXPANSION STRATEGY MOS Burger starts to expand their business since year 2001 and the first overseas outlet is established at Taiwan. MOS burger has work attentively to expand their business and successfully opened 265 stores across seven regions in year 2011. (MOS report, 2011). 2.1 Joint Venture Joint venture is an entry mode by establishing a firm that is jointly owned by two or more otherwise independent firms (Charles and William, 2011). MOS Burger decided to use joint venture as one of the entry modes to enter other regions because it able to control over the business and at the same time it also can deeply understand that particular regions culture and lifestyle. In expansion into each region, MOS Burger only will establish a joint venture agreement with those companies that stressing on good human relationship even it is able to pursue profit (MOS Burger Website, 2012). MOS Burger will carefully in evaluate and select their joint venture companies in order to ensure their business performance to achieve satisfaction result. Those companies that qualified to pursue a joint venture agreement with MOS Burger must going through few processes start from submission of proposal, presentation, interview and they must able to cooperate in the development of MOS Burger in that particular region (MOS Burger Website, 2012). This strategy have been used very successfully in Taiwan by established a joint venture with TECO Group in year 1990. After 22 years, there are 223 stores was opened in Taiwan (MOS Burger Website, 2012). The successful expansion of MOS burger in Taiwan is because they expert in training their employees who able to understand the basic philosophy of MOS burger which is safe and secure. (Kouhei, Hideaki, Tsukasa, Shigeharu, 2010) In Indonesia, MOS Burger established a joint venture, Pt Mog Indonesia in year 2008 and they start the first outlet in Plaza Sendayan located at South Jakarta (Plaza Indonesia Shopping Centre, 2009). Moreover, MOS FOOD SERVICES Inc. has joint venture with Media Will Holding Co. Ltd, a Korean company that involved in broad spectrum of activities including printing, distribution and restaurant management to open a new South-Korea outlet in March 2012 (MOS Report, 2011). Joint venture is important for MOS Burger and successfully using by MOS to expand their business to overseas regions including Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and others. MOS burger decided using joint venture because they found that the natural barrier in developing the business opportunities overseas. Those natural barriers mainly refer to each regions language and culture differs from each other (MOS report, 2011). The successful of this strategy can be seen in Taiwan which consist the highest number of outlets among the foreign markets. It was so success because the joint venture company TECO group fully understand their own region and succeed in training the employees who can speak Chinese well and at the same time they able to understand the basic philosophy that developed by MOS burger. (Kouhei, Hideaki, Tsukasa, Shigeharu, 2010) However, joint venture still has its own limitations which are MOS burger unable fully control over their own business and conflict may arise when there is different point of views. (Charles and William, 2011) 2.2 Franchising Other than joint venture, franchising is another entry strategy that used by MOS Burger as it falls under fast food industry. According to Charles and William (2011), franchising considered as a specialized form of licensing in which franchiser sell the intangible property to the franchisee and insists on rules to do the business. MOS burger expands their business and increase the number of outlet out of their home country by seeking large franchisees instead of seeking the small scale or individual capacity (MOS Burger Website, 2012). Within every single region, those individual franchisees will be managed by the joint venture company together with MOS Burger to make sure all franchisees perform according to the established business practice and ensure the quality control in term of food as well as their customer service. Similar to joint venture, the franchise agreement will be signed after gone through several processes which are propose, present, interview, environment analysis and then only come with the agreement. MOS burger will only engage in partnership with those franchisees that sympathy to their idea included do work that will be appreciated by customers, getting personal satisfaction when customer satisfy with them and must have the full heart motivation to operate the franchise business. (MOS Burger Website, 2012) Today, MOS burger has become the second largest franchise in Japan after McDonald. (Phillip, 2012). This franchise system has been applied in different Asia region including Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand and others. MOS Burger use franchise system able to generate fixed income by collecting royal fees from the franchisees. However, increasing number of franchise granted by MOS Burger will result in a stronger competition among all the MOS Burgers franchise business within a particular region. In Taiwan, MOS Burger consist of 223 outlets and each outlet is compete together in order to achieve the highest profit for each other. Strong competition between the franchisees will decrease the overall profit that can generate by MOS Burger and this becomes the limitation of this strategy. There are many success franchises from MOS Burger in different regions; however there is a failure case that found in Hawaii, United State. In the late of 1980s, MOS Burger was enter to Hawaii but the business is fail due to the high rents, inventory problem and inconsistent food quality (Andrew and Kulwant, 2005). 2.3 Wholly Owned Outlet In planning to expand their business out from then Asia, there is a wholly owned outlet which opens in Australia in April 2011. Michelle (2012) reported that Shinji Yamaguchi who is the head of international operation of MOS burger said they enter Australia because it closes to Asia and there are a lot of Asian people which have similar culture (Michelle, 2012). Besides, Australia outlet also is a test run of their business practice for MOS burger before their plan of entering Western countries. Yamaguchi said MOS burger now is still unclear to use franchising strategy or wholly own business by them in the following year to expand the business. 3.0 FUTURE EXPANSION STRATEGY Success only belongs to those who are well in prepared. An organization or company want to achieve a continuous successful, a well planning future strategies is a crucial. In order to achieve the goal from MOS of Japan to MOS of the World, MOS Burger has been involved in expansion of the business in Asia and even plan to enter Europe market in the future. Once the MOS Burger decides to enter a foreign market, it must implement some of the entry mode strategies which are suitable for future expansion. As a fast food company, it is popular for using franchising or joint venture as a strategy for international expansion. However, increases in competition during international expansion, MOS Burger also need to consider some other strategies for future expansion and stand out from competitors. 3.1 Export Canada MOS Burger is recommended invest into new product line besides from joint venture and franchising. MOS Burger should use this well established brand name to come out some snack food and using exporting strategies in future as well. This practice found in success case of Old Town White Coffee which expand their business by come out own brand of package instant coffee besides from set up the food stores. MOS Food services, Inc has experience in collaboration with other companies and come out product such as MOS Baked Choco Caramel Corn and flight meals such as Air MOS Burger (MOS report, 2011). Moreover, it also collaborates with Kit Kat in Japan and come out rich white chocolate within limited time period. These indicate there is a possibility of MOS Burger to implement this strategy. MOS Burger is suggested export snack food such as Japanese Dorayaki, dessert like Hokkaido milk ice, pudding and sells their uncooked Hokkaido Croquette at the hypermarket in foreign countries. As mention above, MOS Burger is planning expand to Canada, so exporting strategy may adopted to expand their business as it is a low risk strategy. Besides, exporting strategies provide opportunities for MOS Burger to learn and understand more about the overseas markets in term of culture, politic, economic, preference before invest in bricks and mortar store (FAO Corporate Document Repository, 1997). Canada will be the first Europe country suggested for MOS Burger to adopt export strategy for snack foods because according to National Eating Trends (NET), snacking is the fastest growing circumstance in Canada and snacking consists of more than 24% of all meal eaten in 2009 compared to 2000 with 22 % (Demontis, 2010). Using export strategy can be a stage to adopt franchise in Canada for MOS Burger. Export snack foods able to create Canadas consumers awareness, interest and familiarity toward this brand. Moreover, MOS Burger also can increase their understanding toward Canadian consumer behavior and preference. When MOS Burger achieve favorable result in Canada by using export, they can be easier to planning the adoption of master franchise system in Canada in the following year (MOS Food Singapore, 2012). Canada is a viable market due to growing in Canadian prefers Asian fast food with a growth rate of 9% (Ryomoto, 2009).Moreover, Ryomoto (2009) said that, changing in the consumer trend toward convenient, safety and quality foods also increase the feasibility for MOS Burger fast food franchise in Canada. Canada also can become platform for MOS Burger to expand into other western countries. 3.2 Partnership Malaysia Simultaneously, another entry strategy that recommended for MOS Burger is partnership. Partnership is one of the entry modes which two or more parties contribute their resources such as money, property, talent, knowledge and etc to share in the profit and losses of the business (Gerald Kathleen, 2005). Partnership can bring several benefits. First and foremost is capital acquisition. The fund is rising easily if there have several partners because they can easily contribute more funds rather than a single entity. Second is share responsibility. Different partners will have different abilities and skills. Rather than assign the task equally, partnership allow all the parties responsible the task they are excel in. Malaysia is the suggested country that to adopt this entry strategy. In order to avoid the fierce competition in fast food industry throughout Malaysia, MOS Burger will be suggested to start and growth-up their business at the location along with the South-North Expressway, Malaysia. These locations suggested as it can mainly target the travelers who use the expressway and lack of fast food outlets along the highway. MOS Burger can partner with the petrol station such as Petronas, Shell or etc. This proposed entry mode is derived from other fast food firm such as Pizza Hut and Taco Bell. The Pizza Hut and Taco Bell have created a strong partnership and this is a successful cooperation (Co-branding examples, 2012). According to Onakayo (2003) the managing director of Mobil Oil, Mobil petrol station has a fast food court called On The Run and it provide family or friends to enjoy in a comfort and quality place. Besides, Dr. Paa (2003) said that partnership of fast food with petrol station provide benefits to customers, share holders as well as the overall economy of a cities or places. Besides, the practice of this strategy can benefits those long journey travelers who use the South-North Expressway especially those from Singapore to North areas need to pump in the petrol and take a rest during their journey or half way. Dr Paa (2003) also said that this practice can commend as a tourism attraction because it able to serve the travelers need who moving around and between cities. Once this partnership has been implementing, after the traveler pump in the petrol they can take a rest while will enjoy their meal just beside the petrol station only. This will open-up a new opportunity for the MOS Burger while also will attract the traveler for particular petrol station to fill up fuel and rest. This will create a win-win situation. 3.3 Backward Integration New Zealand Last but not least, MOS Burger can adopt backward integration which is taking the role of their suppliers. Backward integration allow MOS Burger to gain some benefits such as to ensure the source of quality of the raw material at a competitive prices, have full control to the cost and able to supply the expanding market either locally and abroad (Poultry Integration, 2012). This practice has been used by KFC Holding (KFCH) as they have invested into different activities that assist their core business (Poultry Integration, 2012). To implement backward integration, MOS Burgers is recommended to to own a breeder farm and hatchery, feed mills, animal farm, broiler farming or further processing plants through acquisition. Acquisition refers to acquiring others businesses through occupying certain amount of share or assets (Tan, 2009). Acquisition strategy able to provide the benefits of speed, decrease in risks, avoids strong competition, overcome entry barrier and others (Business manag ement strategy, 2010). Acquisition is worth to be practice as it allows the company to access a wider customer base and increase their market share. The most appropriate country for MOS Burger to adopt backward integration. Dairy Group (2012) said that New Zealand is the country which holds 35% of dairy products in the world market. The dairy industry in New Zealand is famous and distinctive in term of its high quality and flavorful products. Besides, according to the statistic New Zealand (2011), milk powder, butter and cheese are the top one as well as meat and edible offal as the top two commodities that exported by New Zealand. In order to hold the strong position in the world market, New Zealand is very straight in protecting their grass-fed heard through bio-security policies and using bio-nutrients to feed the cow (Investment now, 2012). As conclusion, the high effort of New Zealand to ensure the quality of their dairy products provide a great opportunity to MOS Burger to implement the backward integration as they can fully control the quality of the dairy products that may used as one or more raw materials for MOS Burger in the fast food industry. Conclusion In conclusion, the study has identified the entry modes and also the expansion strategies that adopted by MOS Burger to enter foreign markets. There are also some future expansion strategies proposed for the company which are applicable and implementable as some of the real cases discussed have shown a good example. The entry modes that currently used by the company for expansions are mainly fall on franchise and joint venture. The company will choose a suitable franchisees or partners that know well and align to the MOS Burgers philosophy to cooperate. This is to make sureÂÂ  that the risks of enter into a different market for doing business can be reduce and to maintain a substantial control over the quality of the food. Moreover, choosing the right partners is to ensure that the commitment of the company can be transmit to those who like to eat MOSs burger. Besides that, MOS Burger can expand their business using other entry modes as well in the future to compete with their rivals in foreign markets. Exporting is another alternative for MOS as it is the easiest way for the company to enter the new markets and reach the customers easily. The company is suggest to export their product in term of snack form by using the well established brand name MOS Burger to enter the Canadian market which has a high consumption of snack food. Meanwhile, the partnership entry mode can be adopted as well in Malaysia by cooperating with local well known company for example Petronas. MOS can partner with the petrol station distributor to build their outlets beside or near the petrol station along the South- North Highway in Malaysia to gain benefit while the travelers take their rest or refill petrol at the petrol station on the highway. Next, the company can also use the backward integration strategy to gain some advantages on the cost of material and als o to strengthen the supply chain system of the company which need not depends much on the main suppliers anymore. This can be done probably in New Zealand by acquiring a piece of land and breed their own poultry that needed for making the burgers. Finally, MOS Burger is a company that has a potential to expand and grow globally. Thus, it need to be managed by a talented and committed management team and also maintain a good cooperation with his partners and franchisees.

Destructive Stem Cell Research Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Topic

Destructive Stem Cell Research       Nine states now ban all destructive embryo research, whether publicly or privately funded. The state of Virginia itself has banned the use of cloning to make human embryos for research, and is considering a response to the Jones Institute's project for making research embryos by in vitro fertilization.(36) And the Food and Drug Administration, without funding any part of in vitro fertilization, recently wrote to in vitro fertilization clinics engaged in new reproductive techniques to remind them that such technologies, albeit privately funded, are subject to federal regulation.    Like the argument that human embryos are not members of the human race, arguments that destroying them is necessary for medical progress or that funding such destruction is needed to prevent broader abuse cannot be sustained. With these arguments out of the way we can return to the real issue at stake: Should the federal government subsidize - and force millions of morally opposed taxpayers to subsidize - research that requires the destruction of innocent human life? We hope that Congress will answer that question in the negative, and will unite instead to support promising medical research that everybody can live with.    Most Christians have grave concerns on this critically important issue of embryonic stem cell research. In our view, conducting research that relies on deliberate destruction of human embryos for their stem cells is illegal, immoral and unnecessary.    It is illegal because it violates an appropriations rider (the Dickey amendment) passed every year since 1995 by Congress. That provision forbids funding "research in which" human embryos (whether initially created for resear... ...eficiency (SCID)-X1 Disease," 288 Science 669-72 (28 April 2000).    16. K. Foss, "Paraplegic regains movement after cell procedure," The Globe and Mail (Toronto), June 15, 2001 at A1.    17. E. Ryan et al., "Glycemic Outcome Post Islet Transplantation," Abstract #33-LB, Annual Meeting of the American Diabetes Association, June 24, 2001. See: http://38.204.37.95/am01/AnnualMeeting/Abstracts/NumberResults.asp?idAbs=33-LB.    18. M. McCullough, "Islet transplants offer hope that diabetes can be cured," Philadelphia Inquirer, June 22, 2001 at A1.    19. D. Woodbury et al., "Adult Rat and Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Differentiate Into Neurons," 61 J. of Neuroscience Research 364-70 (2000) at 364 (emphasis added).    20. D. Prockop, "Stem Cell Research Has Only Just Begun" (Letter), 293 Science 211-2 (13 July 2001)(citations omitted).

Henry VIIIs Reformation Essay -- Papers

Henry VIII's Reformation In 1529 Henry VIII started to reform the Catholic Church in England, however there are different opinions as to why he began these controversial changes. The orthodox view concurs that there was a vast anti-clerical feeling in 16th century England; the corrupt church was unpopular with the masses. However the revisionist view claims that the reformation was actually due to politics. Henry needed a male heir and therefore needed a divorce. The needs and wants of the masses were not taken into consideration. In this essay I am going to look at England pre-reformation and reach my own opinion of whether or not England was actually in need of a reformation in 1529. There were lots of anti-catholic movements going on at the time such as the Lutheran movement and also Lollardry. This suggests that people were growing tired with the Catholic Church and therefore looking towards other religions. The Lollards were an active group based in England. Lollardy appealed to the lower and middle classes and its idea's closely matched those of Luther. They denied the existence of purgatory, rejected the pope and spoke out against war. It wished to see a reduction in church wealth and the bible translated into English. They encouraged new ideas and criticism of the church. However it is difficult to interpret just how much Lollardry actually influenced the reformation. It undoubtedly helped to weaken the church and open peoples eyes to new ideas, yet it was also relatively small scale and wouldn't have affected many people. However there was generally an anti-clerical feeling amongst people. The clergy of that time a... ...ay or another, none of the were indicating that the church needed to go through a full scale reformation but rather that the church needed to reform itself, they were calling for a reformation from within the church, they wanted the clergy to improve themselves. The Catholic Church in England deniably did have some faults, but generally people were content and satisfied with it. It wasn't the institution in decline as it is often portrayed but actually just as popular as it had always been. People were happy with what they knew and therefore didn't like the idea of a new church and religion, which is why there were protests after the reformation. Henry VIII and his parliament undoubtedly exaggerated these faults in order to reform the church for their own political needs, rather than the needs of the ordinary people. Henry VIII's Reformation Essay -- Papers Henry VIII's Reformation In 1529 Henry VIII started to reform the Catholic Church in England, however there are different opinions as to why he began these controversial changes. The orthodox view concurs that there was a vast anti-clerical feeling in 16th century England; the corrupt church was unpopular with the masses. However the revisionist view claims that the reformation was actually due to politics. Henry needed a male heir and therefore needed a divorce. The needs and wants of the masses were not taken into consideration. In this essay I am going to look at England pre-reformation and reach my own opinion of whether or not England was actually in need of a reformation in 1529. There were lots of anti-catholic movements going on at the time such as the Lutheran movement and also Lollardry. This suggests that people were growing tired with the Catholic Church and therefore looking towards other religions. The Lollards were an active group based in England. Lollardy appealed to the lower and middle classes and its idea's closely matched those of Luther. They denied the existence of purgatory, rejected the pope and spoke out against war. It wished to see a reduction in church wealth and the bible translated into English. They encouraged new ideas and criticism of the church. However it is difficult to interpret just how much Lollardry actually influenced the reformation. It undoubtedly helped to weaken the church and open peoples eyes to new ideas, yet it was also relatively small scale and wouldn't have affected many people. However there was generally an anti-clerical feeling amongst people. The clergy of that time a... ...ay or another, none of the were indicating that the church needed to go through a full scale reformation but rather that the church needed to reform itself, they were calling for a reformation from within the church, they wanted the clergy to improve themselves. The Catholic Church in England deniably did have some faults, but generally people were content and satisfied with it. It wasn't the institution in decline as it is often portrayed but actually just as popular as it had always been. People were happy with what they knew and therefore didn't like the idea of a new church and religion, which is why there were protests after the reformation. Henry VIII and his parliament undoubtedly exaggerated these faults in order to reform the church for their own political needs, rather than the needs of the ordinary people.

Descriminationn Against Irish-American Immigrants and Native Americans

Descriminationn Against Irish-American Immigrants and Native Americans Racism is a problem with roots reaching as far back as biblical times, and it is questionable as to whether or not racial discrimination will ever vanish. Many different groups of people have been subject to racism over time. Two historical examples of people who were discriminated against because of their nationality are Native Americans and Irish-American immigrants. Although the situations they faced are not quite identical, they have an abundance of similarities. The Native Americans and the Irish citizens who immigrated to the United States suffered a similar plight in the sense that both peoples were persecuted for their cultural differences as well as exiled from their own homelands. Before all others, varying tribes of Native Americans inhabited North America. The eleventh-century Norse seaman Leif Eriksson glimpsed very small portions of the continent, yet his discoveries never became public knowledge.(Brinkley, 8) It was not until Christopher Columbus’s â€Å"discovery† of North America that Europeans began to develop an interest in the so-called New World. British, French, and Spanish colonies sprouted up along the eastern coast of America soon after Columbus’s expedition. Once the colonies declared their independence from Great Britain and formed the United States of America in 1776, the westward expansion of the white settlers inflated tremendously. This intrusion upon the lands of the Native Americans produced many conflicts between the two groups. The Americans began to repeatedly intrude upon Native American property, and force the Indians off of their rightfully owned land. One person who is often associated with the poor treat... ...persecuted horribly and viewed as inferior, and as belonging to a lower level in the social order. The Irish’s subservience was influenced mainly by ideological apparatuses, while the Indians were restrained mostly by repressive forces, such as military action. Yet, both methods were effective in lowering the people in the social rankings, so that they were frequently overlooked and wronged morally and legally. While we can not take back what has happened, we can use what has happened in the past to try to prevent such injustices in the future. The first step in the solution to racism is understanding one another. Bibliography: Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation: A Concise History of the American People, 3rd ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 2000. Takaki, Ronald. A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America, Boston, MA: Bay Back Books, 1993.

Presentation and Role of Religion in Chronicle of a Death Foretold Essay

Chronicle of a Death Foretold is set in Columbia, where the extreme theocentricity means every character’s actions are intrinsically affected by religion. Whilst Marquez also explores much deeper religious issues, the action of the novel centres on the God-fearing townspeople allowing the murder of Santiago Nasar, which clearly contradicts the Christian commandment ‘Thou shalt not kill’1 Since female virginity is so venerated in the Catholic faith, when Santiago is accused of taking Angela Vicario’s virginity, her life would be worthless without it, and Angela’s brothers are charged with redeeming her honour. The novel can boil down to the assertion that a man died because of the teaching of both the Catholic Church, and the embedded paganistic values that are subliminally prioritised. The novel presents characters using religion to give meaning to their lives, and Marquez satirises this role accordingly2. Evidence of Marquez’s satire of religion’s malfunctioning role is; â€Å"If God hadn’t rested on Sunday, he would have had time to finish the world. †3 There is a subtle sense that Marquez hopes to probe and engage the reader’s opinions on religion by displaying both sides of the argument in his characters – those that are superstitious, and those who are religious. In practice, most characters are of both camps, which points to a mockery of religion. The theme of mockery is perhaps the strongest idea relating to religion to be conveyed by the novel. As an atheist, Marquez appears dedicated to accentuating the hypocrisies of the Catholic Church, saying himself, â€Å"Fiction was invented the day Jonas arrived home and told his wife he was three days late because he had been swallowed by a whale. †4 This satirical quote highlights Marquez’s belief in the deceit of the Church, even from its conception; strongly suggesting the whole business is fraudulent. Marquez’s use of Christian references and symbolism lend a deeper meaning to the text, implicating the characters and events at a subtextual level. The majority of the character’s names are theological, however it is more revealing to note some of the names that do not hold religious connotations, such as Placida Linero5, who is a well known â€Å"(dream) interpreter†6, and Luisa Santiaga, a notorious precognitive. These are two older members of the community who prioritise superstition and the paranormal over religion; therefore indicating a revival of paganism. Perhaps Marquez is suggesting that paganism is constantly just beneath the surface of South American culture, since honour is a remnant of paganism which has survived colonisation and the introduction of Catholicism. That religious authorities were powerless to stop Santiago’s murder (even if they had wanted to) indicates that the underlying pagan culture is the stronger. A fascinating double standard is the town prostitute, Maria Alejandrina Cervantes, in whom Marquez has chosen to represent the Virgin Mary, the most pure and chaste woman. This character maternally mourns Santiago’s death. In fact, Maria’s role extends far beyond prostitution. Although she â€Å"did away with our (Santiago’s) generation’s virginity†7, she is described as apostolic, and is repeatedly reported as having taught the young males crucial lessons about marriage, love and life. The character that ran about the town minutes before Santiago’s death, attempting to warn him is ‘Cristo Bedoya’. ‘Cristo’ means ‘bearer of Christ’; in a sense, Cristo bears the burden of Santiago’s death. Santiago’s ranch, the ‘Divine Face’ is almost a pun, being a derivation of the phrase ‘Divine Countenance’, which means ‘the Face of God’. Perhaps a further mockery of Catholicism is the idea that ‘the Face of God’ was passed on by an Arab (who, presumably, was not Christian). The significance of these Biblical names is to enable the reader, especially a Western reader, a reference point, since they will already be familiar with the theological implications, but unfamiliar with the South American culture. The reader will also discern the scores of parallels able to be drawn between Santiago and Jesus Christ, making Santiago a literary ‘Christ-figure’. Both were somewhat outcast, in Santiago’s case because he was not a native Columbian. This makes it easier for the town to allow Santiago’s death, and make him the scapegoat. The town’s unwillingness to save Santiago is similar to the Jews choosing to have Jesus killed rather than a murderer. In both cases, those who had the chance to save the innocent man felt terrible afterwards. Jesus had foretold his own death, and although Santiago was blissfully unaware of his demise until it befell him, the narrator states ‘never was there a death more foretold. ’ In dying for the sake of Angela Vicario’s honour, Santiago is sacrificed for the sins of others, which was also Jesus’ purpose in dying. In addition, the seven fatal wounds Santiago suffers probably represent the Seven Deadly sins. Even the way in which Santiago was murdered is akin to the Romans’ killing of Jesus. â€Å"The knife went through the palm of his right hand and then sank into his side up to the hilt. †8 The Romans ensured their victims were dead by stabbing them in the side, their hands having been pierced by being nailed to the crucifix. Incidentally, the Vicarios’ knives â€Å"kept coming out clean†9, which denotes Santiago’s innocence. This is amplified by his Christ-like appearance that day, dressed in white. Finally, since Santiago eventually dies in the kitchen, this could reflect the image of eating the body of Christ in the Catholic mass. Since the chronicle is written twenty-seven years after Santiago’s death, the reader is able to observe with a degree of objectivity the affect it had on the townspeople’s lives. One in particular is the town mayor, Colonel Lazaro Aponte, who as a result of the incident became â€Å"a spiritualist. †10 His faith was not the only character’s to falter under the strain of justifying murder. In fact, the faith of the older generation seemed already to have dwindled, as is notable in Placida and Luisa. The younger generation, including the narrator and Angela follow suit, as Angela states â€Å"The only thing I prayed to God for was to give me the courage to kill myself†¦but he didn’t give it to me. †11 She also resents the gluttony of the Church12, asserting that she â€Å"didn’t want to be blessed by a man who only cut off the combs for soup and threw the rest of the rooster in the garbage. †13 Angela’s radical discontent with the Church is presumably Marquez’s suggestion of a wider disillusionment with religion, beginning to seep through the more contemplative members of the novel’s characters, and perhaps even the real South American people. The immoral waste that Angela refers to is part of a much wider hypocritical routine. This includes the â€Å"mechanical†14 blessing the Bishop bestows upon the town as he passes by, not bothering even to stop the boat to greet his flock. This event indicates the Church has long-since ceased to be a charitable establishment, and is now effectively a totalitarian state. One under the directive of the Bishop was the narrator’s sister; â€Å"My sister the nun, who wasn’t going to wait for the bishop because she had an eighty-proof hangover. †15 In addition, the juxtaposition of the Virgin Mary’s name with the local prostitute, who lives â€Å"in a house with open doors†16 presents an appalling blasphemy. These two representations go beyond mockery of Catholicism, and enter into sacrilege. Finally, Father Amador says plainly that the Vicario twins are â€Å"perhaps (innocent) before God†17. This embodies the ultimate corruption of the values of the Church – to condone murder and to profess the twins’ innocence directly contradicts the word of the Bible, and critically impairs his pastoral role. The non-linear style of the novel revolves constantly around Santiago’s death, (‘â€Å"They’ve already killed him. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢18 and â€Å"whose sentence has always been written. †19) With each revolution of the spiral story, more detail is displayed and more characters’ recollections revealed. This constant reminder to the reader that Santiago will die, as opposed to a linear story with a final climax, simulates the nature of the killing, with the entire town aware. By placing the reader in the position of those who share in the guilt for Santiago’s death (who (pour) â€Å"in to testify without having been summoned†20), Marquez succeeds in making the reader uneasy, and therefore challenge the morality of the culture and the religion that dictates it, as well as their own nature. The guilty conscience the reader develops cannot be laid to rest, due to the unresolved and ever-present death achieved by the non-linear style. Marquez uses characters to present arguments regarding attitudes towards life, and the religion that presides over them. In particular the rejection of religion in favour of the more traditional paganism, which is beginning to seep through the Columbian society, despite religion’s stranglehold. By Marquez’s characters sharing their opinions, the reader in turn considers his own stance and questions religion’s role, which is no doubt Marquez’s objective. It can be assumed that any reader of the novel would also reach Marquez’s satirical judgement of the role of religion. Bibliography The Bible. King James Version. 1769 Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Chronicle of a Death Foretold. London, Penguin Books, 2007 http://www. goodreads. com/quotes. 2012 Goodreads Inc. Mar G. Berg, Repitions and Reflections in Chronicle of a Death Foretold, Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. http://authors. library. caltech. edu/18939/1/HumsWP-0110. pdf

The Author to Her Book

Within the poem, The Author to Her harbour, Anne Bradstreet uses a labyrinthine metaphor to describe her military strength towards wizard of her works that was come break through(a)ed wi kilobytet her permission. Throughout the poem, she compares her individual retirement account towards her mass to that of an unwanted churl. Bradstreet apparently has the attitude of a perfectionist, so she did non think back her view as was worthy of ordinaryation. However, she was able to pass it back and tie corrections. Al curtilagegh Bradstreet has a nix attitude towards the result of her book, she does show whatsoever signs of satisfaction when the book is returned to her.Throughout the poem, Bradstreet displays her ban attitude through a daedal metaphor. The metaphor compares an unwanted sister to a book that was published without her permission. She immediately begins the poem by showing her displeasure for her aver work. kilobyte ill-formed offspring of my weakly b rain. The metaphor shows a comparison of a malformed nestling to her piece. She also claims that her book was stolen from her. Being a perfectionist, she did non publish anything that was not perfect. Who afterwards birth didst by my side remain,/ Til snatched from thencece by friends, slight smart than true,/ Who thee abroad exposed to public view. Based on these contentions, she claims her friends took her work and published it for all to read. She also states that they were less wise than true. This could possibly mean that she believes that her friends were ignorant in that they did not realize the faults in her work. She then shows some signs of disap calculatement and possible distraction when she states that her errors were there for everyone to see. Where errors were not lessened, all may judge. Within the first six blood lines of the poem, Bradstreet disguises her minus attitude through her decomposable metaphor. When Bradstreet is granted a heartbeat chance af ter her book is returned, she has an attitude of satisfaction. After the sixth line, the speaker talks just about correcting the ill-formed child. Outside the metaphor, Bradstreet is actually referring to her being presumption the chance to fix and edit her book. At thy return my redden was not small,/ My go on brat (in print) should mother call. Almost everyone who has created something has a feeling of attraction and lovemaking for it. The same(p) applies for Bradstreet, I cast thee by as one bad for light,/ thy visage was so irksome in my sight/ besides being mine own, at duration affection would. After this, she starts to express her look forward to in correcting her faults within the book. Thy blemishes amend, if so I could. However, being the perfectionist she is, she finds new problems every time she proofreads it. I washed thy award, moreover more than defects I saw,/ And rubbing off a spot, still made a flaw. Bradstreet allows herself to set about temporari ly positive when she tries to improve her childs clothes. Yet still thou runst more hobbling than is meet/ In better dress to trim thee was in my mind,/ But nought save homespun cloth in the house I find. In the last few lines, Bradstreets attitude of perfection is completed when she lets her child free. In this array, mongst vulgar mayst thou roam/ In critics hands mind thou dost not come. She claims that she is satisfied to let pack read her work and that she does not want it to fall into the critics hands.In the second half of the poem, Bradstreet shows her satisfaction with the re-publication of her book. Anne Bradstreet reveals various emotions passim her poem, The Author to Her Book. Within the first half, she has an passing negative attitude towards the improper publication of her work. In the last part, however, she expresses satisfaction when she has the probability to correct her piece. By using a detailed complex metaphor, Bradstreet is able to demonstrate her co mplex attitude about her book within the poem.The Author to Her BookIn Anne Bradstreets poem The Author to Her Book she expresses her attitude of being embarrassed because sees so many flaws and mistakes in her musical composition, as a parent may see in their child but loving and apologetic because it is her own and she cant misrepresent it better. Bradstreets use of the extended metaphor of the book being her offspring expresses her attitudes of bewilderment and love. The first metaphor is of her book to a child, this is the arbitrary metaphor. The first line Thou ill-formed offspring of my feeble mind. . . shows averting for the book but more significantly compares the book to being a child of her own.On line 8, . . . my rambling brat (in print) should mother call. . . she shows another view of her writing as a brat and herself as its mother. Finally, the entire last paragraph startle on line 20 In critics hands . . . thee out the door she very forwardly expresses that s he is the mother of her book. She uses her controlling metaphor to help express her attitudes. Bradstreets attitude of embarrassment shows through her haggle quite vividly. She first talks about being embarrassed on line 7 At thy return my blushing was not small. . . She is embarrassed to know people read her book. She didnt want to suck up her book sent out but her friends took it from her. Till snatched from thence by friends. . . -line 3. She does not think her offspring is ready to be exposed to the real world. She wants to keep it dark with her from the world. I cast thee by as one unfit for light. . . - line 9. Bradstreets embarrassment comes from her offspring being unfit for the world to see and the flaws that she sees. Although she is embarrassed by her offspring she also has a love only a mother could throw for a child.On line 12 she says Yet being mine own. At length affection would thy blemishes amend. . . She hopes that her love entrust help her offspring to becom e something to be proud of. I washed thy face but more defects I saw. . . on line 13. Here Bradstreet is trying her scoop to fix her offspring and make up to be something it just may not be. Although, she does love her offspring and although she is unhappy with it she concisely has no choice but to get by it out. And for thy Mother, she alas is poor, which caused her thus to lay thee out the door- line 23.At this point she knows that it is not up to her standards but she has no other choice but to send out her offspring to help make her a living. Her attitude of loving shows in trying to do whats opera hat but she soon realizes that she has what she has. Anne Bradstreet loves her book all because it is her own, but that may also be why she sees the flaws in it. She only wants to do whats best for her offspring and tries to fill something but only sees more to fix. all(a) throughout her poem, the extended metaphor is repeated, line after line, from the opening to the end, to convey her complex attitude.

Dubai: Globalization on Steroids Essay

Promotions for Dubai on CNN, BBC World, and early(a) satellite channels show a shimmering view of glass and steel office towers with their graceful curves and hooked shapes, suggesting a distant galaxy where all the unpleasantness of urban life has been airbrushed away. But advertising around always offers more promise than reality, whether the product is potato chips or a city or a country. Seen through with(p ceriseicate) the lens of the alwaysyday, nonhing in this city is so light(a). Its elusive to come to terms with Dubai, because in that respect is confusion blush in the way it is described by the media. It is oft referred to as a Persian disjunction country (which it emphatically isnt), or a city-state (wrong again), or a Gulf emirate ( overly not accurate, because Dubai, the city, is only theatrical role of Dubai, the emirate, which is an integral part of the United Arab Emirates). But cardinal thing is clear during the three years Ive lived here, it has under gone the kind of duty period that a city might experience in one case in a lifetime.Each time I leave my apart workforcet block, I drive one-time(prenominal) shells of unfinished buildings with piles of sand and rubble spilling onto the sidewalks, and Im struck by another ridicule of Dubai that the more the city aspires to be the premier megalopolis of the twenty-first century, the more it resembles 1945 Dresden. The pace of harvesting has left umpteen residents wondering what the hurry is. Yet everyone seems to be in a rush. On Sheikh Zayed Road, the 12 lanes linking Dubai with Abu Dhabi, the UAE chapiter blow miles to the south, drivers barrel down the fast lanes at 90 miles an hour. Late on a Friday night, drivers vacillate in and out of the speeding traffic, which results in an terrific accident rate that leaves crushed fenders and tangles of gnarled coat piled along the roadsides.Has any place on domain grown as quickly or been alter so completely? Aerial photos fro m the early sixties show a dusty, ramshackle trading stakes tucked be-tween the Persian Gulf and the Creek, Dubais midland waterway and outlet to the sea. Ten years later(prenominal) it was beginning to take on the look of a prosperous city a decade after that it had metamorphosed so much as to be roughly unrecognizable. The one-runway airstrip had been replaced by an international airport, a set of office towers had grown up along the Creek, and residential tracts had spread crossways barren expanses of desert that stretched to the horizon.Dubai forthwith is often described as a violent West town, and the general economic opportunism lends both(prenominal) truth to the description. Driving the expansion is neither intrinsic resources nor old- globe industrialization but rather the gears of a 21st-century economybanking, technology, switch over and tourism, real distantming, and media outlets. The tycoons cutting art deals in hotel restaurants and on beach-club pati os ar representatives of this new military personnel(prenominal) economyTaiwanese bankers and Lebanese import/exporters, Russian oligarchs and Iranian property investors. But regular(a) Dubai is not immune from the vicissitudes of worldwide economicsthe September widely distributed financial crisis drained al virtually $6 gazillion from its financial markets. In spite of its rapid growth and the influence of globularization on Dubai, a modus operandi of the old city bear pipe down be found. Walk through the covered market on the Deira side of the Creek, past spice vendors exposeing their w atomic number 18s in 100-pound sacks and then go up winding, narrow lanes past the gold, silver, and fabric dealers from Pakistan and Iran and the Indian merchants who speak fluent Arabic, their roots in Dubai reaching back generations.From there it is only a short walk up to the Al-Hamadiya School, like a shot a museum, the first place to offer formal raising in Dubai. Exhaust-sp ewing water taxis however shuttle commuters across the Creek between the twisting streets of Deira and the traditional Bastakia quarter, planetary house to the pre-oil rulers palace, a covered market, and the site of a former fort. On the Deira side, ships unload pallets of cargo, near as they call for ever since Dubai served as a convenient pass over point for much of the trade that passed between India and Africa and the rest of the Arabian peninsula. In the neighbourhoods of Jumeirah and Umm Suqeim, quietly side streets lined with white houses topped with red tile roofs glisten in the afternoon sun, suggesting the smooth tranquillity of southern atomic number 20 when southern California was tranquil and placid. Early in the morning, Indonesian housemaids area driveways with dried palm branches, and South Asian labourers still use these primitive implements to clear the paths in the topical anesthetic anaesthetic parks. It is with child(p) to reconcile such moving p ictures with those more everydayly associated with Dubai.There is the Royal Mirage Hotel, whose silent, soaring hallways and courtyards permit been intentional in palatial Arabian splendour. Not off the beaten track(predicate) away is the Madinat Jumeirah, another hotel complex and an adjoining s jump arcade, where the tinkling union of the oud is pumped into the elevators and down the narrow, snaky corridors in an effort to re-create the sensual mysticism of the Arabian covered market. But here, too, like al just about everywhere in Dubai, the traditional clashes with the modern, and the uneasy shading is meant to serve consumerism at the Madinat Jumeirah, res-taurants and cafs surround counterfeit lakes, gift boutiques cater to upscale travellers, and live music echoes from the JamBase, one of Dubais hot spots. All of the volume has made Dubai trendy among the globetrotting business set and holidaymakers provoke in a taste of the Middle einsteiniumas long as it is temp ered with a hefty dose of Club Med but the ever-changing character of the city is not endorsed by everyone.Among so-called locals, or Emirati nationals, there is increasing fear that their assimilation will eventually succumb to Westernization and foreign influence. such(prenominal) apprehension is justified, for the demographics are not on their side. Emiratis now grudge for only 20 percent of the tribe (an official estimate, probably inflated) within 20 years, as more foreigners pour in from South Asia, the farther East, Russia, and Africa, the percentage is likely to fall to the sin-gle digits.But it is hard for locals to grumble too loudly when they have as well been seduced by the global consumer ethos. After midday pray-ers on a blazing Friday afternoon, they head for the blissfully simmer down shopping malls, as do Indian and Philippine families and British expatriates, to scoop up the latest in mobile phones and other electronic gadgets. Women display origin handbag s over their flowing black abayas but go blue jeans under them, and many young men complement their crinkly clean kandouras with a baseball game cap instead of the traditional white he shroud. go forth in the parking lot, families cram the backs of their Range Rovers and traverse Explorers with plastic shopping bags and a months groceries. The good life has created a sedentary life, and with it a sharp rise in obesity and diabetes.As though suddenly seeing the need to change direction, Dubai has begun making desperate attempts to preserve its past. In April 2007 the Dubai Municipality issued a ruling ordering the preservation of more than 2,000 buildings it considered having diachronic signifi netce in the United Arab Emirates. But the unsafe emergence all over the city makes this a fools errand. Glossy advertisements for unbuilt real estate tracts cover the arrivals hall at the airport, fill billboards beside the track entrance ramps, and push the news off the motion pages of the local news-papers. The inside pages promise more one full-page ad shows a Venetian gondolier, against a backdrop of faux Mediterranean chic, paddling along an imitation lavatoryal, past caf tables with Western and Asian patrons relaxing below palm trees. The most widely advertised development is now the L pastons, a name that, like the Greens, Springs, Lakes, and Meadows, belies the dried land it occupies.Indeed, image more than oil (little of which ever existed in Dubai anyway) is now the citys most valuable export. But what reality might that image exploit? The city was neer one of the big centres of Islamic learning or Arab culture, like capital of Egypt or Damascus. It has always been a centre for trade, a way station for commerce. Even today it boasts no impressive mosques shopping malls are the grandest edifices, and the best- subsistn universities are imported satellite campuses from the United States, England, and Australia. So with no great cultural bequest to celebrate, Dubai has embraced the culture of celebrity. pass away February, Tiger Woods was erst again taking in the Dubai Desert Classic, and Roger Federer tried (unsuccessfully) to defend his gentle in the Dubai Tennis Championships. A year ago George Clooney promoted his movie Michael Clayton at the Dubai International Film Festival, and brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie have been spotted frolicking with their children on the beach of the Burj Al Arab, the sail-shaped hotel that is the citys current signature landmark.Dubai is often described as an Arabian Disneyland, and the characterization is not wide of the mark. Tourists, residents, and celebrities (including Michael Jackson and Rafael Nadal) have slid down the foam cascades at the Wild Wadi water park. crossways Sheikh Zayed Road, the enclosure for the indoor ski lurch at the Mall of the Emirates angles into the sky like a giant airplane hangar tipped on end, glowing with a streak of lurid saturation at nightfall. To ac commodate the 15 million tourists a year that the city is planning to host by 2010, another resort complex of 30 hotels and 100 cinemas was sketched out on the city planners boards, but as a sign that even Dubais aspirations have been tempered, the project has been put on hold. Not, however, the Mall of Arabia, which promises to surpass the West Edmonton Mall as the worlds largest shopping and entertainment complex.The most impressive feature of Dubai isnt the George Jetson architecture, or even the Burj Dubai, destined to be the tallest building in the world when completed, but the fact that people who would normally be at each others throats in their home countriesIndians and Pakistanis, Sunni and Shiite Muslims, Serbs and Bosnians, Ethiopians and Eritreansmanage to live and work together in remarkable harmony. This is also part of the legacy of Dubai, that for generations it has served as a crossroads of cultures and a transit point for people as well as goods, and so it evolved into a tolerant neutral lieu where the petty feuds of other parts of the world have no place. The downside of this polyglot society is a d reason of the shared concerns that can form a companionable consciousness and hold a society together.I dont want Hezbollah outpouring my country, the Lebanese receptionist at a medical clinic says when I look her thoughts on the fallout of the Israel-Lebanon war. That issue is a nonstarter for the Asian staff who share her office. She was a beautiful, beautiful woman the Pakistani security take outside my apartment building croons, two geezerhood after the assassination of Benazir Bhutto, who spent part of her governmental exile in Dubai. Being so far from the caf tables of Lahore or Karachi, it is probably the first chance hes had to pour out praise for the democrat leader. Dubai is just a short airplane hop from the crises in Sudan, Iraq, and Palestine, but in an odd irony, this global city remains blissfully alienated from the press ure level global issues that surround it. Car bombings in capital of Iraq and street battles in Gaza seem to exist in some parallel universe far from Dubais beach clubs and poolside barbecues.If talk radio is a barometer of popular sentiment, Dubai lacks social angst, or even concern about the worlds troubles. On Property Week, callers craft tips on the latest real estate investments. On another show, listeners offer advice on ways to slaughter time in traffic and compare the brunch buffets and weekend getaway packages offered by five-star hotel chains. One plan is devoted to nuanced analysis of rugby, soccer, and cricket matches for United farming and subcontinent expatriates. When the local English daily celebrated its thirty-fifth anniversary, readers praised the paper for its coverage of business, sports, and entertainment, but there was no han-k-ering for more articles on inter-national current events, some fright-ening-ly attached to home. Life in Dubai is not all eccent ric indulgence, however, for vice has arrived as an inseparable part of the global village. Dubais crime rate, still menial by Western standards, has risen to a level that would have been unknown a generation ago.Street crimes are still rare but drug seizures are not, and black markets in consumer goods have sprung up. (In a illusion that Butch Cassidy would have envied, a gang of thieves set two stolen cars through an entrance of the upscale Wafi metropolis Mall, smashed a jewellery store display window, and made off with the goods.) Where economic adventurism thrives, so does the worlds oldest profession. Prostitutes from China, the Philippines, Russia, Eastern Europe, and the former Soviet republics lollygag near hotel entrances, hoping to snag returning guests. To its credit, Dubai can be called a true microcosm, but its hard to believe that a coherent society can be composed of guest workers who have migrated solo for lucrative jobs and have no longterm stake in the citys future.Beneath the veneer of harmony is the disturbing sense that everyone knows his or her place. Class asserts itself in an unsavoury caste system where national and ethnic identity determines whether one is offered employment or a lease for an apartment. The citys reputation as a haven of safety and security in a troublesome part of the world is upheld by affirming an old world order left by the colonial power Dubai would like to believe it has go beyond. Social equality is a noble apotheosis promoted by the government but flouted in practice, proving once again that the democratic society is still a modern notion, at war with the more widespread tendency of human beings to create a hierarchy. A landlord whitethorn refuse to rent apartments to bachelors, the code discussion for men from the Asian subcontinent working in Dubai who may be supporting wives and children back home.The term would never apply to an unmarried German electrical devise or a Canadian English teacher. 8 years, a taxi driver replies when I ask how long he has been plying the roads of Dubai, and I know this means 12 hours a day, six geezerhood a week. On Friday afternoons he probably goes to the nestled Western Union office, like hundreds of others, to wire bullion back to his family in Mumbai or Peshawar. Class asserts itself also in the division between servers and the served. I still feel a little awkward when supermarket clerks address me formally and the deliveryman from Pizza Hut (Ahmad, jibe to his name tag) is overly grateful for a modest tip.But I remind myself that since Dubai is not a democracy and few of its residents come from democratic countries, there is no way its society could resemble one. If person had to pinpoint one spot on earth that epitomizes the most unsavoury aspects of globalization, Dubai could be Exhibit A. It is a place where the whims of a consumerist society overwhelm a simple native Bedouin culture, the predilections of the affluent obliterate local climate and ecology, and the divide between rich and execrable is unapologetically laid bare.Discussion pointsRead the above account of Dubai and discuss the following questions in groups 1. To what extent can the Dubai story be regarded as the epitome of globalisation? Explain your answer. 2. In what ways can Dubai be regarded as vulnerable? 3. What negative aspects of the Dubai story can you identify? 4. How might these negative aspects be apologise?